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Our Sponsors Continuing Teacher Education Career Education Resources Keystone Family Protection EJ Web Design & More Also Try American Presidents Politics and Elections Papers Boies, David (Time.com - Okrent) Provides a glimpse of the life style and background of David Boies, lawyer for Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election, Napster, the U.S. Justice Department (against Microsoft), and many more famous cases. 12-00 Both State and Federal Supreme Courts Were Wrong (Wall Street Journal - Rosen) Expresses the opinion, based on legal grounds, that both the Florida Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court violated their appropriate roles in their rulings on the Presidential election of 2000. "By promulgating its own rules after the fact, Judge Posner argues, the Florida court was not perfecting the democratic system, as many have claimed, but undermining one of its fundamental pillars: that succession take place according to procedures that are 'fixed in advance, objective, administrable, and clear.'" "No less disturbing as a matter of judicial philosophy--and seeming partisan favoritism--was the [U.S.] Supreme Court's obvious unwillingness to let the election dispute work itself out in Florida or, if need be, in Congress." 11-01 Chads - Legality of Incomplete Punches (CNN Election 2000) Provides a history of recent court cases where the chad, the piece of paper that is supposed to be punched out on the ballot, remains in the ballot when it goes through a machine for counting. Such votes that have been punched, but remain in the ballot, are not counted by the machine. The legal precedent has been to accept "hanging" chad or "depressed" chad as votes when counting by hand. 11-00 Close Elections and Tips for Success (Christian Science Monitor - Kiefer) Suggests, based on past presidential elections, priorities for a new president. 11-00 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - Errors from Duval Ballot (New York Times) Provides errors resulting from the poor design in Duval County ballots. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - Errors from Split Columns (New York Times) Provides errors resulting from the poor design of split-column ballots. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - Errors from Two-Sided Ballot (New York Times) Provides errors resulting from the poor design of two-sided ballots. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - Errors in Butterfly Design (New York Times) Provides errors resulting from the poor butterly design of ballots. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - Florida Ballots Project (National Organization for Research) "A group of the largest news organizations in the United States selected NORC to provide the definitive picture of the Florida ballots in the uncertified presidential election of November 2000." Provides information on the process used to count votes to determine who would have won the election if all votes had been counted. Statistically, the election was a tie or inconclusive because of the small percent of difference in results. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - What If (New York Times) Allows you to set the standard for the votes in Florida and then gives the results of the election based on those standards. Statistically, the election was a tie or inconclusive because of the small percent of difference in results. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - What If (New York Times) Allows you to set the standard for the votes in Florida and then gives the results of the election based on those standards. Statistically, the election was a tie or inconclusive because of the small percent of difference in results. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida - What If (New York Times) Allows you to set the standard for the votes in Florida and then gives the results of the election based on those standards. Statistically, the election was a tie or inconclusive because of the small percent of difference in results. 11-01 Count of Presidential Votes in Florida Finally Completed (Miami Herald - Viglucci) Provides the results of a study to see who would have won the Florida election for President in 2000. The results were ironic. If the Supreme Court had not stopped the counting, Bush would have won. If Bush's standards had been applied, Gore would have won. The "overvote" may have been more important than the "undervote." In nine different scenarios, with different standards, different results would have been achieved. Statistically, the election was a tie or inconclusive because of the small percent of difference in results. 11-01 Decision by the Florida Supreme Court - Explanation (CNN - Van Susteren) Explains the role of the Florida Supreme Court to interpret contradictions in the law related to the presidential election. 11-00 Democratic National Committee Provides information about the party positions and candidates. 8-00 Election 2000 - Argument for Bush in the U.S. Supreme Court (McNeil-Lehrer Productions - PBS NewsHour) Provides arguments by Theodore Olson that the Florida Supreme Court violated the U.S. Constitution by extending the deadline for vote results to permit hand recounts in the presidential election. 11-00 Election 2000 - Argument for Gore in the U.S. Supreme Court (McNeil-Lehrer Productions - PBS NewsHour) Provides Laurence Tribe's arguments to the U.S. Supreme Court. He argued that the Florida Supreme Court acted properly and did not violate the U.S. Constitution by extending the deadline for vote results to permit hand recounts in the presidential election. 11-00 Election 2000 - Arguments Before the Supreme Court (Boston Globe - U.S. Supreme Court) Provides the Republican and Democratic arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court on whether to let the Florida Supreme Court ruling to complete hand recounts continue. 12-00 Election 2000 - British Perspective on the Controversy (British Broadcasting Corporation News) Provides a summary of the presidential election news in Florida. 11-00 Election 2000 - Decision by the Florida Supreme Court (Florida Supreme Court) The Florida Supreme Court ordered that hand recounted ballots submitted by November 26th shall be included in the results of the presidential election. Further, the Supreme Court ruled the following - 1) County Canvassing Boards have the authority to determine if hand recounting of ballots is needed, not the Secretary of State. 2) County Boards were required by law to follow the sequence of a) conducting a machine recount, b) testing a sample of one percent of votes, and then 3) deciding whether to conduct a full county hand recount. 3) No deadline was established by the legislature for submitting the results of hand recounted votes. The Secretary of State's deadline violated the right of County Boards to complete hand recounts. 4) The Secretary of State's reasons for rejecting the hand recounts did not comply with Florida law. 5) According to legal precedent and the Florida Constitution, votes must be counted if the voter's intent can be determined. A voter's right to have his or her vote counted is the most important consideration.  "The Secretary may reject a Board's amended returns only if the returns are submitted so late that their inclusion will preclude a candidate from contesting the certification or preclude Florida's voters from participating fully in the federal electoral process." 11-00 Election 2000 - Decision by the Florida Supreme Court - Explanation (CNN - Williams) Explains the basis of the Florida Supreme Court ruling regarding the acceptance of hand recounted ballots. 11-00 Election 2000 - Decision by the U.S. Supreme Court (MSNBC - Curry) The U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to hear Governor George W. Bush's appeal to stop manual recounts in Florida. Bush claims that the Florida Supreme Court created rules for the appointment of presidential electors and that it therefore violated the U.S. Constitution. 11-00 Election 2000 - Dimpled Chads Count in Texas (CNN - Jackson) Reports that Texas law recognizes a dimpled chad, an indentation in a ballot, as a valid vote. 11-00 Election 2000 - Editorial - Legal Decision for the Supreme Court (U.S. News - Cannon, Lavelle, and Ragavan) Provides a summary of the legal issues that must be decided by the Florida Supreme Court. 11-00 Election 2000 - Election News (St. Petersburg Times) Provides news from the day Bush was recognized as President. 11-00 Election 2000 - Facts Related to the Bush-Gore Contest (CNN) Provides the point of view of each candidate on some key issues related to the presidential election and then provides facts related to the claims of each. 11-00 Election 2000 - Florida (11-18) Eyewitness to Hand Counting of Votes (CNN - Savidge) A member of CNN's staff provides an eyewitness description of the hand counts of votes in Palm Beach County. Votes in the presidential election are counted by teams that are composed of a counter, a Republican observer, and a Democrat observer. 11-00 Election 2000 - Florida (11-22) Legislature Could Overturn the Vote (CNN - Schneider) Schneider points out how the Florida legislature could, according to an old law, reverse the final vote if Gore becomes the winner in Florida. 11-00 Election 2000 - Florida (11-23) A Decision by the Florida Supreme Court - No More Miami-Dade Recounts (CNN) The Florida Supreme Court supports Miami-Dade County's decision to stop hand recounting ballots of the presidential election. 11-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-4) Ruling Against Hand Recounts (CNN) Provides the finding by Judge Sauls that Gore has not proven the need for hand recounts in several Florida counties. 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-4) U.S. Supreme Court Asks for Clarification (CNN - Van Susteren) Discusses the finding of the U.S. Supreme Court regarding whether the Florida Supreme Court exceeded its authority. The U.S. Supreme Court asked the Florida Supreme Court to clarify the basis of their decision to change the deadline to allow hand recounts in the presidential election. 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-4) U.S. Supreme Court Asks for Clarification (FindLaw) Provides the finding of the U.S. Supreme Court regarding whether the Florida Supreme Court exceeded its authority. The U.S. Supreme Court asked the Florida Supreme Court to clarify the basis of their decision to change the deadline to allow hand recounts in the presidential election. 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-7) Decision to Appoint Electors (St. Petersburg Times) Provides the announcement by the Florida Legislature, dominated by Republicans, that it plans to elect its own slate of electors for president. 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-8) Decision by the Florida Supreme Court to Complete Hand Counts (CNN) Provides a copy of the official ruling by the Florida Supreme Court to hand count all of the uncounted "undervotes" in all 67 counties of Florida. (Uses PDF format.) 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-8) Decision by the Florida Supreme Court to Count Votes (CNN) The Florida Supreme Court ruled that hand recounts of contested "undervotes" in Florida must be completed. 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-9) U.S. Supreme Court to Stop Vote Counts (CNN) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled to stop hand recounts of contested "undervotes" in Florida. 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida (12-9) U.S. Supreme Court to Stop Vote Counts (FindLaw - U.S. Supreme Court) Provides the actual ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court to stop hand recounts of votes in Florida. Four of the nine Justices disagreed with the majority on the Court and warned that stopping the counts may cause irreparable harm. This case is extraordinary because the U.S. Supreme Court has never, on its own authority, participated in the election of a president. 12-00 Election 2000 - Florida - Court Petitions Related to the Presidential Election (Jurist - Sutin) Provides copies of the latest court petitions related to the presidential election. Also includes key Florida laws. (Many documents are in PDF format.) 11-00 Election 2000 - Florida Election Laws (State of Florida - The 2000 Florida Statutes, Title IX, Chapter 102) Provides the portions of Florida law that apply to the presidential elections. 11-00 Election 2000 - Florida Hand Recounts Favor Democrats (AltaVista - washingtonpost.com) Describes how the punch type voting machines in counties with larger populations results in more uncounted votes because of the buildup of chads in the machines. Democrats have gained more votes in the counties with larger populations, such as Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, and so they will benefit more from recounts compared to Republicans. 11-00 Election 2000 - Florida Seminole County (St. Petersburg Times) Summarizes the contest in Seminole County in which election officials improperly (or illegally) placed information on Republican absentee ballot applications to help ensure that the ballots would not be rejected. Courts rejected the suit. 12-00 Election 2000 - Funding of Presidential Candidates (Select Smart) Provides amounts and sources of funds of presidential candidates. 12-99 Election 2000 - Gore Concession Speech (CNN - George W. Bush) Provides Vice President Al Gore's concession speech for president of the United States. Visitors sometimes misspell as vise-president, vice-president, or vise president. 12-00 Election 2000 - If the Ballots Were Not Flawed (The Miami Herald) Provides a statistical projection of who would have won in Florida if voters had accurately recorded their intent on their ballots. The study projects results for 185,000 rejected ballots based on ballots that were not rejected by machine count. 12-00 Election 2000 - International Elections Expert Comments (CNN) Provides an interview with an expert from the Carter Center, an organization that monitors and assists with ensuring fair and democratic elections globally. Costello states that ballot design can affect the vote. A person may intend to vote one way but, because of a misleading ballot, vote a different way. In such cases, he says, the outcome of the election would not reflect the choice of the people. Costello states that the Carter Center staff work hard to ensure that the ballot design is fair. 11-00 Election 2000 - Lieberman, Joseph (Center for Strategic and International Studies) Provides a history of achievements of Lieberman, selected by Al Gore for the Vice-President position for the Democratic party. 8-00 Election 2000 - Lieberman, Joseph (U.S. Senate) Provides a history of achievements of Lieberman, selected by Al Gore for the Vice-President position for the Democratic party. 8-00 Election 2000 - Polls - Opinions About the Presidential Election Process (Pollingreport.com) Provides the results from several public opinion polls. 11-00 Election 2000 - Polls - Patterns of Voting (CNN Election 2000) Provides demographic information describing characteristics of persons who voted for Gore, Bush, Buchanan, or Nader. Based on exit polls, interviews with voters just after they voted. 11-00 Election 2000 - Polls Related to Political Campaigns (PollingReport.com) Monitors and reports results of polls on the Presidential election. 6-00 Election 2000 - Positions of Bush and Gore (Election 2000) Provides the positions of Bush and Gore on key issues. 10-00 Election 2000 - Pro-Bush Editorial - Why the Public (Correctly) Thinks Bush Won (Republican National Committee) Provides an essay that says Bush won on November 7th, even after a machine recount. 11-00 Election 2000 - Sources for Campaign 2000 (Searcher - Murnane) Provides sources of information related to the Presidential election for 2000. 8-00 Election 2000 - Statistical Analysis of Buchanan Results in Palm Beach County (Adams and Fastnow) Provides an analysis of Buchanan's election results in Palm Beach County where the "butterfly" ballot is alleged to have confused voters into voting for Buchanan when they intended to vote for Gore. 11-00 Election 2000 - U.S. Supreme Court Chose Bush (St. Petersburg Times - Greenhouse) Discusses the U.S. Supreme Court decision to stop the vote counting in Florida. 12-00 Election 2000 - U.S. Supreme Court Risks (Boston Globe - Milligan) Provides observations from scholars that the U.S. Supreme Court may be risking its role of impartiality by participating in the presidential election process. 12-00 Election 2000 - U.S. Supreme Court Ruling - More Suits Expected (St. Petersburg Times - Pittman) Provides predictions from experts on the U.S. Constitution that the equal protection ruling from the U.S. Supreme Court will result in suits from groups who are forced to use less reliable methods of counting ballots. 12-00 Election 2000 - U.S. Supreme Court Ruling - Right (usnews.com - Leo) Provides an editorial that four justices of the Florida Supreme Court acted as partisans and caused a problem that the U.S. Supreme Court solved. 12-00 Election 2000 - U.S. Supreme Court Ruling - Wrong (Salon - Kamiya) Provides an editorial that five of the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court acted with partisan self-interest. 12-00 Election News (Yahoo - Presidential Election 2000) Provides news about the 2000 presidential election process. 11-01 Florida Repairing Voting Process (Miami Herald - Long, Arzua, and Clark) 11-01 Describes efforts by Florida counties to update their election equipment and processes. 11-01 Florida Supreme Court (ABC News) Provides a brief background of members of the Florida Supreme Court. 11-00 Gore, Albert (Encyclopedia.com) Provides a short biography of the former Vice President of the United States. 5-02 Green Party of the United States (GreenPartyUS.org) Provides the home page of the Green Party of the United States. The party selected Ralph Nader for presidential candidate and Winona LaDuke as vice president in 2000. Visitors sometimes misspell as vise-president, vice-president, or vise president. LaDuke, Winona (Seattle Times) Provides a profile of Winona LaDuke, candidate for Vice-President for the Green Party in 2000, known for her advocacy for preserving forests for future generations. LaDuke, Winona (VoteNader) Provides information LaDuke's achievements. LaDuke is the Green Party candidate for Vice-President of the United States. 8-00 Nader, Ralph (VoteNader) Provides information Nader's positions and achievements. Nader is the Green Party candidate for President of the United States. 8-00 Political Campaigns Search (Searchbutton.com - Election Search 2000) Provides information on political campaigns and issues of candidates. 5-00 Positions of Presidential Candidates (Time.com) Provides the positions of Gore, Bush, Nader, and Buchanan on key issues. 11-00 Positions of Presidential Candidates on Gun Control (Issues2000.org and SpeakOut.com) Provides the positions of the candidates for President of the United States regarding gun control. 5-00. Presidential Candidates - Gore (AOL) Provides Al Gore's position on gun control. 10-00. Presidential Candidates in 1996 (Internet Publishing Technologies) Provides information on candidates for President in 1996. 11-01 Reform Party Provides information about the party positions and candidates. 8-00 Republican National Committee Provides information about the party positions and candidates. 8-00 U.S. Code, Title 3, Section 5 (FindLaw) Provides one of the portions of the U.S. Code that Bush contends was violated by the Florida Supreme Court when the Florida Court gave additional time for hand recounts in the presidential election. 12-00 U.S. Constitution, Article II (FindLaw) Provides one of the portions of the U.S. Constitution that Bush contends was violated by the Florida Supreme Court when the Florida Court gave additional time for hand recounts in the presidential election. 12-00 Views of Teens - From Britain and Italy (McNeil-Lehrer Productions) Provides views of teens about the presidential election of 2000 in the United States and their own countries. Also describes elections in Britain and Italy. 11-00 Projects Voter Deadlines by State (Vote Smart) Provides deadlines for voting, organized by state. 2-04 Research Butterfly Ballot Proven Confusing (Nature - Adam) Provides results from an experiment to determine if a butterfly ballot causes voters to make a mistake in voting. The study uncovered an eight percent error rate resulting directly from the layout of the ballot. 11-00

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